abstract：:The F4/80 monoclonal antibody has been used widely as a marker for mouse macrophages. The antigen (Ag) recognized by the antibody has been characterized as a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-transmembrane 7 (TM7) family, although the function of the molecule has remained elusive. A recent study provides evi...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： van den Berg TK,Kraal G

更新日期：2005-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In many flowering plants, intraspecific barriers to self-fertilization ensure outbreeding by interrupting the path of pollen tube growth before egg-sperm interaction. These self-sterility or self-incompatibility (SI) systems are unique among recognition systems, in that they are based on the recognition and rejection ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Nasrallah JB

更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymphocyte development has long served as an experimental paradigm, revealing fundamental mechanisms of gene regulation and cellular differentiation in mammals. The study of E-protein-mediated transcriptional regulation in lymphocyte development provides a means to address these mechanistic issues. Both genetic and bi...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Lazorchak A,Jones ME,Zhuang Y

更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inappropriate cell recruitment is a hallmark of all autoimmune, allergic and inflammatory diseases. The prevention of inflammation by interfering with cellular recruitment through the neutralization of cytokines and adhesion molecules has proven to be successful in the clinic. Chemokines are important potential target...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Johnson Z,Schwarz M,Power CA,Wells TN,Proudfoot AE

更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:To maintain prolonged colonization of the human gastric mucosa, Helicobacter pylori must avoid both innate and adaptive immune responses. During its long coexistence with humans, it has evolved complex strategies to maintain a mild inflammation of the gastric epithelium while limiting the extent of immune effector act...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Baldari CT,Lanzavecchia A,Telford JL

更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During an immune response, peripheral T-cell populations expand and then contract as the response subsides, thus maintaining a fairly constant number of CD4 and CD8 T cells throughout the life of the individual. The important factors that control this homeostasis are now beginning to be understood. Interleukin-7 (IL-7...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Bradley LM,Haynes L,Swain SL

更新日期：2005-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunodeficiency due to inborn errors, infections, autoimmune diseases and the toxicity of certain therapies, has become an important clinical challenge. Strategies to enhance immune function could improve the outcome for a considerable number of patients. Although myeloid growth factors have found widespread use in c...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Alpdogan O,van den Brink MR

更新日期：2005-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Basic immunological research has greatly expanded our understanding of the suspected immunopathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and, more importantly, spawned a new generation of clinical trials evaluating dozens of immune-based therapies. Adhesion molecules are the furthest into development, although patient acceptan...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Fox RJ,Ransohoff RM

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sensors of foreign microbial products, which initiate host defense responses in all multicellular organisms examined to date. They are the target for most adjuvants, are essential for the establishment of memory in T and B cells and provoke inflammation. They program dendritic cells in t...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： O'Neill LA

更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system serves to protect organisms from infectious pathogens. During infection, lymphocytes and cells of the innate immune system, expressing receptors that recognize foreign antigens, proliferate and differentiate to develop effector functions that help to kill the pathogens. Effector functions, such as ce...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Strasser A,Pellegrini M

更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that bacterial signaling molecules are involved in cross-kingdom communication with eukaryotic cells. Bacterial signaling molecules can enter eukaryotic cells and appear to modulate immune responses to bacterial pathogens. Recently, an enticing study demonstrated that mam...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Sperandio V

更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Over the years, the role of the eosinophil in asthma and allergic processes has been disputed. Recent human experiments using a humanised monoclonal antibody to interleukin-5 (IL-5), and animal studies involving specific IL-5 gene deletion, indicates that eosinophils might control downstream repair and remodelling pro...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kay AB,Phipps S,Robinson DS

更新日期：2004-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When and how adaptive immunity emerged is one of the fundamental questions in immunology. Accumulated evidence suggests that the key components of adaptive immunity, rearranging receptor genes and the MHC, are unique to jawed vertebrates. Recent studies in protochordates, in particular, the draft genome sequence of th...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kasahara M,Suzuki T,Pasquier LD

更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Plasma cells operate as factories where large quantities of Ig heavy and light chains are made and assembled into functional antibodies. The finished products are shipped out with impressive efficiency. A major component of the machinery necessary for high-rate antibody secretion is an elaborate network of endoplasmic...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Gass JN,Gunn KE,Sriburi R,Brewer JW

更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cytokine signaling is dependent on the activation of intracellular molecules, including JAKs (Janus family kinases) and STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription). Since the discovery of the SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) family molecules in 1997, extensive investigation of these molecules has...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Fujimoto M,Naka T

更新日期：2003-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:T cells have an amazing ability to discern and differentially respond to MHC-embedded peptides that can differ by only a single amino acid. This potential involves a combination of the precise ligand-binding specificities of the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the distinct intracellular signaling processes it transmits. Sig...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Pitcher LA,van Oers NS

更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Hepatitis C virus (HCV) uses complex and unique mechanisms to prevent, evade or subvert innate and adaptive immune responses and to establish persistent infection and chronic hepatitis. Recently developed experimental systems have significantly facilitated the analysis of HCV replication, virus-host interaction and pa...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Racanelli V,Rehermann B

更新日期：2003-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Within the 'success story' of vertebrate evolution, the acquisition and refinement of the adaptive immune system is far from the least impressive example of co-evolution. Members of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) have crucial roles in both innate and adaptive immun...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Collette Y,Gilles A,Pontarotti P,Olive D

更新日期：2003-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunology in recent years has taken a somewhat surprising turn, expressed by a renewed interest in innate immunity. Especially intriguing is the regulatory role exerted by the innate components on the adaptive response, with Toll receptors and complement components being the most investigated. This function has been ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Clemenza L,Dieli F,Cicardi M,Salerno A

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The understanding of tumor-host interactions remains elusive despite significant progress in the identification of tumor antigens (TAs) recognized by autologous T cells. In particular, most human tumors do not regress and continue to grow in spite of spontaneous or immunization-induced immune responses demonstrated in...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Marincola FM,Wang E,Herlyn M,Seliger B,Ferrone S

更新日期：2003-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural killer (NK)-cell receptors (NKRs) on CD8+ T cells can modulate antigen-specific T-cell activity but their function and rules that govern their expression remain unclear. Recent work has provided new insight into CD94-NKG2A expression on T cells. Whereas upregulation on the cell surface is induced following T-c...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Braud VM,Aldemir H,Breart B,Ferlin WG

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Interactions between the T-cell receptor (TCR) and self-peptide-MHC (spMHC) have been hypothesized to modulate T-cell reactivity in the periphery. Recent studies examining CD4+ T-cell responses to spMHC class II describe apparently contradictory findings and arrive at opposite conclusions. One explanation for these se...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ge Q,Bai A,Shen CH,Eisen HN,Chen J

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The co-existence of viruses and organisms for millions of years has influenced the evolution of both. Various viral strategies to enter a host and take over the control of cells to produce virus progeny have developed. Several antiviral (immune) responses have also been developed. The apoptotic death program is a cons...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Vanlandschoot P,Leroux-Roels G

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Modern immunological assays are very sensitive for detection of antigen-specific T cells. These assays are used to detect increased levels of T cells after peptide-based immunotherapy for cancer in an attempt to describe surrogate endpoints correlated with anti-tumor activity. Recent reports demonstrate that determina...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ribas A,Timmerman JM,Butterfield LH,Economou JS

更新日期：2003-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The origin of the Toll-like family of receptors pre-dates the evolutionary split between the plant and animal kingdoms. These receptors are remarkably conserved across the taxonomic kingdoms and have fundamental roles in triggering immune responses. How they trigger such responses, and how these mechanisms arose in ev...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Johnson GB,Brunn GJ,Tang AH,Platt JL

更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Immunoreceptors are believed to initiate their signaling by association with membrane rafts rich in src-family kinases and other signaling molecules. Although a recent paper casts doubt over this concept, by exposing drawbacks of a commonly used procedure to disturb rafts by cholesterol extraction, several other recen...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Horejsí V

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite readily detectable virus-specific CD8(+) T cells in most HIV-infected patients, immune surveillance is eventually lost, leading to progression to AIDS. Recently developed insights into human T-cell differentiation have been used to study the phenotype of virus-specific T cells in HIV-infected individuals. Base...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： van Baarle D,Kostense S,van Oers MH,Hamann D,Miedema F

更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Detailed sequence analysis of the companion alpha chains in several T-cell receptor (TCR) beta chain transgenic mice have shown that the mature alpha chain repertoires of CD4+ T cells are biased toward the parental TCR alpha chain sequences. These studies further indicate that it is self-peptide-self-MHC recognition d...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： He X,Viret C,Janeway CA Jr

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent studies have indicated that complement proteins might exert novel functions that are distinct from their well-established inflammatory role, by modulating cellular responses and cell-cell interactions that are crucial to early development and cell differentiation. Accumulating evidence suggests that complement ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Mastellos D,Lambris JD

更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell migration is crucial for intrathymic T-cell differentiation. Chemokines and extracellular matrix proteins per se induce thymocyte migration, and recent data suggest a combinatorial role for these molecules in this event. For example, thymocyte migration induced by fibronectin plus CXCL12/SDF1-alpha (stromal cell-...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Savino W,Mendes-da-Cruz DA,Silva JS,Dardenne M,Cotta-de-Almeida V

更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Peptides bound or linked to heat-shock proteins (HSPs) of microbial or mammalian origin have been shown to elicit potent antigen-specific immunity. Some members of the HSP family, such as hsp60, hsp70, hsp90 and gp96, are able also to stimulate cells of the innate immune system directly and thus, act as 'danger'-signa...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Wallin RP,Lundqvist A,Moré SH,von Bonin A,Kiessling R,Ljunggren HG

更新日期：2002-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:CD95 (Apo-1/Fas) is crucial for the negative selection of B cells within the germinal center (GC). Impairment of CD95-mediated apoptosis results in defective affinity maturation and the persistence of autoreactive B-cell clones. CD95 was defined recently as a tumor-suppressor gene and is silenced in many tumor entitie...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Müschen M,Rajewsky K,Krönke M,Küppers R

更新日期：2002-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The crucial clinical problem in leprosy is the occurrence of acute inflammatory episodes that lead to nerve damage, even after the infecting organisms have been killed by antibiotics. We suggest that the instability of these inflammatory sites is attributable to a disturbance of the role that nerves play in the regula...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Rook GA,Lightman SL,Heijnen CJ

更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Despite extensive, recent research on the development of dendritic cells (DCs), their origin is a controversial issue in immunology, with important implications regarding their use in cancer immunotherapy. Although, under defined experimental conditions, DCs can be generated from myeloid or lymphoid precursors, the di...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Ardavín C,Martínez del Hoyo G,Martín P,Anjuère F,Arias CF,Marín AR,Ruiz S,Parrillas V,Hernández H

更新日期：2001-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The workshop on Multiple Sclerosis and Chemokines: Prospects for Therapeutic and Prophylactic Intervention was held in Chevy Chase, MD, USA, from 9-10 July 2001. ...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Kivisäkk P,Trebst C,Eckstein DJ,Kerza-Kwiatecki AP,Ransohoff RM

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The vascular endothelium plays a central role in the recruitment and migration of circulating effector cells into sites of inflammation and immune responses. The unique CX(3)C-chemokine, fractalkine, is expressed on activated endothelial cells, and its receptor, CX(3)CR1, is expressed on natural killer cells, monocyte...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Umehara H,Bloom E,Okazaki T,Domae N,Imai T

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The MHC class II transcriptional activator (CIITA) is the major regulator of expression of MHC class II genes. Thus, CIITA plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune response. Here, we discuss our findings on the dual role of CIITA during infections, as the target (prey) for certain pathogens but the hos...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Accolla RS,De Lerma Barbaro A,Mazza S,Casoli C,De Maria A,Tosi G

更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic debilitating conditions, which impair the patient's quality of life significantly. Among them, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are idiopathic disorders for which an infective etiology has long been sought. Here, we present an opinion in support of the hypothesis th...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： McKay DM

更新日期：2001-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The immune system confines neoplasia at various stages of tumor development. Whereas the role of cellular immunity has been investigated widely and utilized in the clinic, the importance of humoral immunity in this process has begun to emerge only in recent years. Circulating antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) typicall...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Torchilin VP,Iakoubov LZ,Estrov Z

更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanisms accounting for the protective role of endogenous interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in certain murine autoimmune disease models, versus a disease-promoting role in others, have remained elusive. The protective effect of IFN-gamma might be unique to models that rely on the use of complete Freund's adjuvant (CF...

journal_title：Trends in immunology

authors： Matthys P,Vermeire K,Billiau A

更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00